Mantra, Kiɗa, Canji, Allahntaka
Matsayi: Emil Schlagintweit/Yankin Jama'a)

An yi imani da cewa kiɗa kyauta ce ta allahntaka kuma mai yiwuwa saboda wannan dalili dukan 'yan Adam a cikin tarihi sun sami tasiri ta hanyar kiɗa a rayuwarsu. Wannan labarin yana bincika mahimmancin kalmar AUM ko mantra a cikin al'adun Indiya wanda shine tushen kiɗan gargajiya. Marubucin ya ci gaba da yin nazari kan rawar da waka ke takawa wajen cimma matsayi mai girma da kuma tasirin waka a rayuwarmu.

Music sifa ce ta asali na nau'in ɗan adam. Kusan kowace al'umma da aka sani, a tsawon tarihi tana da wani nau'i na kiɗa, tun daga na farko zuwa mafi girma. A farkon wayewa ’yan Adam sun riga sun kasance suna yin irin wannan hadaddun kayan kida kamar sarewa kashi, garaya muƙamuƙi da kaɗe-kaɗe (Weinberger, 2004).

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Ko mun raira waƙa ko a’a, dukanmu muna rera waƙa muna rera waƙa; a cikin kari ko a'a, muna tafawa da lankwasa; a mataki ko a'a, mu duka muna rawa. Ba shi da sauƙi a sami wanda ba ya jin wannan alaƙa da kiɗa. Kiɗa kuma yana da yuwuwar haifar da jin daɗi da jin daɗi kuma yana iya canza yanayin mutum. Jarirai sun fara amsa waƙar yayin da suke cikin mahaifa. A cikin watanni 4, bayanan da ba su da tushe a ƙarshen waƙar za su sa su yi ƙugiya kuma su juya baya. Idan suna son waƙa, za su iya yin kuka (Cromie, 2001). Tun yana ƙarami, wannan fasaha tana haɓaka ta hanyar kiɗan na al'adu wanda a cikinsa ake renon yaro. Kowace al'ada tana da kayan aikinta da ake amfani da su don kiɗa da yadda mutane ke amfani da su, yadda mutane suke rera waƙa, yadda mutane suke sauti da ma yadda suke ji da fahimtar sautuka.

Wannan binciken binciken yana nazarin asali da mahimmancin mantra na OM, wanda kuma aka sani da sauti mai tsarki, ta hanyar binciken tsoffin rubutun Vedic na Indiya. Har ila yau, binciken ya bayyana yadda Rishis na Indiya (Malamai) suka kawo addinin Buddah na Tantric, wanda ya haɗa da OM a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawancin Mantras, zuwa Tibet a karni na takwas.

Binciken ya kara yin nazarin dalilin da yasa rubutun tauhidi da metaphysical na Indiya suka ba da fifiko sosai kan tsattsarkar sautin OM, kuma yayi nazarin yadda kuma me yasa sautin OM mai tsarki ya zama tushen Sangita na ibada na Indiya da kiɗan gargajiya.

Binciken ya ci gaba da bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin kiɗa, ɗaukaka, allahntaka da kwakwalwar ɗan adam, don fahimtar ko duk muna da wannan ginanniyar da'ira na halitta wanda ke aiki kawai a cikin masu yin aiki, ko kuma haɗari ne na halitta.

Kwarewar Keɓaɓɓu da Ƙarfafawa don Nazarin

Kamar biliyoyin mutane, ni ba ƙwararren mawaki ba ne amma ina son sauraron kiɗa. Ban sami damar yin waƙa ba sai Afrilu 2017, sa’ad da a taron dangi, aka ba ni ƙaraoke.

Yayin da nake sa hannu a wannan dare na ji sauti ko kalmomi suna yawo a cikin makogwarona a hankali ko da yake, a lokaci, ba a cikin kari ba. Na kasa yarda da kaina amma na yi farin ciki. A mako mai zuwa, na sayi injin Karaoke kuma tun daga lokacin nakan rera waka duk lokacin da na samu lokaci.

Na fahimci canje-canje a cikin makogwaro na sun kasance saboda kunnawa makamashi a jikina lokacin da nake dawo da lafiya ta hanyar tafiya a cikin gandun daji / daji. Don fahimtar wannan, da fatan za a karanta takarda ta "Bincika yuwuwar Jikin Dan Adam da Kwakwalwa don Yin Aiki tare da Resonance Electromagnetic Resonance da Schumann Resonance" da aka buga a cikin International Journal of Hindu & Falsafa (Bist, 2019). Ana kuma samun takardar a http://bgfuk.org/.

Babban makasudin rubuta wannan takarda shi ne don a fadakar da masu karatu sanin yuwuwar jiki da kwakwalwar dan Adam da kuma rawar da waka ke takawa wajen sauya kwakwalwarmu da jikinmu, wanda zai iya inganta rayuwarmu. A ganina cewa tsoffin malamai a Indiya sun san da wannan lamarin.


Mantra - tsohuwar hangen nesa na Indiya

mantra (Sanskrit – मन्त्र) sauti ne mai tsarki ko na ruhi, syllable, kalma ko sautin waya, ko rukunin kalmomi a cikin Sanskrit wanda aka yarda yana ba da ikon tunani ko ruhaniya ga masu yin aikin. Asalin aikace-aikacen Mantra ya bayyana a cikin tsoffin adabi na Aryan ko Indo-Iraniyawa kamar ko dai Mantra a cikin Sanskrit (Vedas) ko Manthra a cikin Tsohon Farisa (Avesta). Mantras na farko da aka haɗa a cikin Vedic Sanskrit a Indiya sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 5000.

A cikin addinin Hindu, mantras wani yanki ne na harshe wanda ya ƙunshi sila, kalma, ko jerin sila ko kalmomi a cikin yaren Sanskrit waɗanda ke aiki azaman kayan aikin tunani, magana, ko aiki, musamman lokacin da aka faɗa yayin al'ada. An yi amfani da mantras a ciki addini da ayyukan rabin-addini na mutanen da ke bin al'adar Hindu. A cikin al'adar Hindu ana amfani da mantras don dalilai da yawa, kamar miƙa yabo ga alloli, godiya ga alloli, kiran gaban ruhu, tunawa da labari na tatsuniyoyi, shigar da abin bautawa, ƙaddamar da haikali, keɓe wurin ibada mai tsarki, yin canji a matakin rayuwa. da miƙa kai tsaye ga kakanni (Beck, 2009).

An yi imani da cewa idan ba tare da Mantra ba mutum ba zai iya kammala wani aiki na ruhaniya a cikin addinin Hindu ba. Idan ba tare da Mantra ba, babu sadaukarwa, kuma ba tare da OM babu Mantra ba.

OM - Mantra

OM tsohon mantra ne wanda ke da matsayi na farko a cikin tatsuniyar Indiyawa, al'ada da rubutun kiɗa, kuma yana riƙe da babbar rawa a cikin addinin Hindu, musamman cikin sadaukarwa. Harshen OM kuma ana kiransa da AUM. Akwai bidiyoyi da yawa akan YouTube akan ingantacciyar lafazin OM.

A cikin al'adar Hindu, an ce sautin OM ya ƙunshi dukan duniya. Ita ce sautin farko daga farkon zamani, kuma yana tattare da halin yanzu da na gaba. Masanan na da sun yi imani cewa duk abin da ke cikin sararin samaniya yana girgizawa da girgiza (Dudeja, 2017), babu abin da ke tsaye har yanzu.

A cewar masanin Tantric Andre Padoux (1981: 357), 'Tsarin sararin samaniya da tsarin ɗan adam na kalma, sauti, ko magana suna daidai da juna. Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa astrophysicists yanzu sun gano amsawar Babban Bang wanda ya faru a farkon lokaci. Kuma wannan sautin da suka gano sauti ne mai huɗa, kamar na OM.

Kalmar OM, idan aka rera, tana girgiza a mitar 136.1 Hz, wanda shine mitar girgizar da ake samu a cikin komai na yanayi. Abin sha'awa, shi ne kuma mitar Oktoba na 32 na Shekarar Duniya. Na gaskanta saboda wannan dalili, an ce OM shine asali, sautin farko na sararin samaniya, a wasu kalmomi, ainihin sautin halitta. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da misalin.

Lokaci Lokaci (T) na jujjuya duniya daya zagaye rana = kwanaki 365.256 x 24hrs/rana x 60 min/hr x 60 sec/min = 31558118.4 sec

Don haka, mitar (f) na shekara ta duniya = 1/T = 3.168757 x 10-8 Hz.

Idan muka ninka wannan da 32nd octave, wato tare da 4294967296 (=232), muna samun = 136.1 Hz = mitar sautin 'OM'.

[An ɗauko daga Dudeja, 2017]

Masu karatu na iya son sauraron sautin OM a: https://www.planetware.de/audio/04-13610erdjahr.mp3

OM yana gabatar da mafi tsarkin Mantra na Vedic da addinin Hindu, Gayatri Mantra 'OM Bhur Bhuvah Svah…, wanda ke neman ikon rana don haskaka hasken rana. hankali (Back, 1994).

Mantra

[An kar~o daga: https://vedicfeed.com/gayatri-mantra-meaning-significance-and-benefits/]

Akwai karatu da yawa (Sharma, 2011; Thomas and Shobini 2018; Dudeja, 2017) da ke nuna fa'idodin rera Gayatri Mantra. Harsunan Gayatri Mantra ana furta su ne ta hanyar amfani da sassa daban-daban na baki, kamar makogwaro (maƙogwaro), harshe, hakora, leɓuna da tushen harshe. A yayin magana, filayen jijiyoyi na sassan bakin da sauti ke fitowa daga gare su ya kai ga sassa daban-daban na jiki kuma suna yin matsin lamba akan gland.

Akwai wasu manya manya, kanana, ganuwa da ganuwa a cikin jiki. Fadin kalmomi daban-daban yana da tasirinsa a kan glands daban-daban kuma ta irin wannan tasirin makamashin waɗannan gland yana motsa su. Haruffa ashirin da hudu a cikin Gayatri-mantra suna da alaƙa da ashirin da huɗu irin wannan glandar da ke cikin jiki wanda, akan motsa jiki, kunna kuma ya farka da ikon hikima don hikima ta adalci (Satva Gunda).

Mantra shine, don haka, nau'in na'urar magana ce ko dabara don canjin "Tsarin Hankali ko Kwakwalwa". A matsayin na'urorin magana, Mantra yayi daidai da haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa, kamar abubuwan gani, kawai a cikin nau'in sauti.

Akwai Mantras masu yawa a addinin Hindu; duk da haka, na duk mantras, ana ɗaukar OM a matsayin tushen (Mula-Basis) mantra. Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsarki, watau Brahman (Allah) da kansa a cikin kalmar siffa (Sabda Brahma). Hakanan an san shi da mantra Purusha (Allah a matsayin mantra) Pranava (Rayuwa mai goyan bayan mantra) da Taraka (asiri), yana da ikon yin ɓarna da tsarkake duk sauran maganganun magana da sifofin kalmomi. Don haka, kafin kowane aiki na al'ada, shigar da sauti mai tsarki a cikin nau'in Mantra ya zama dole don ba da iko da tsarkin Allah.

Ko da yake OM ya samo asali ne daga addinin Hindu, ana kuma samunsa a cikin addinin Buddha, Jainism, Sikhism da wasu ƙasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

OM ta mamaye al'adun Buddhist Tantric na Tibet da Japan, inda aka fi sani da Vajrayana da Shingon, bi da bi. Masanin Indiya Padma Sambhava ya kawo addinin Buddah na Tantric, wanda ya haɗa da OM a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mantras da Dharanis da yawa ko kuma dogon kira na Buddha daban-daban da Bodhisattvas, zuwa Tibet a karni na takwas (Beck, 1994).

Alamar (ॐ) ta ƙunshi baƙaƙe uku, wato haruffa A, U, M, kuma, idan aka rubuta cikin Sanskrit, tana da digon jinjirin jini a samanta. An yi imani da cewa harafin "A" yana nuna alamar hankali, harafin "U" yanayin mafarki da harafin "M" yanayin barci marar mafarki na tunani. Dukkanin alamar (ॐ) tare da jinjirin jini da digo ana kiranta da jiha ta huɗu, ko Turiya, wacce ta haɗa dukkan jihohin uku kuma ta wuce su. Bugu da ƙari kuma, AUM yana wakiltar lokuta uku, watau baya, yanzu da na gaba, yayin da dukan alamar tana tsaye ga Mahalicci wanda ya wuce iyakacin lokaci (Kochhar, 2000).

Haruffa uku na AUM kuma suna wakiltar Guna uku ko halaye waɗanda suke Sattva, Rajas da Tamas, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin Bhagavat Gita. AUM kuma tana wakiltar duka abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba (Nirguna) da bayyananne (Sagun) na ALLAH, kuma, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiranta Pranava, wanda ke nufin OM ya mamaye rayuwarmu kuma yana gudana ta prana ko numfashi (Bhaktivedanta, 1972).

Upanishads da yawa suna magana da AUM a matsayin Atman (Ruwa, ko kai cikin) da Brahman (Gaskiya na ƙarshe, gaba ɗaya na sararin samaniya, gaskiya, allahntaka, ruhu mafi girma, ka'idar sararin samaniya da ilimi).

OM Mantra A Lokacin Vedic - Ci gaban Tarihi

Ko da yake ba a ambaci kalmar OM kai tsaye a cikin waƙoƙin farko na Rigveda ba, ya bayyana a cikin wasu Vedas guda uku da Upanishads da yawa da ke hade da su. Vedas babban nau'in rubutun addini ne da suka samo asali daga Indiya ta dā waɗanda aka haɗa su a Sanskrit tsakanin 1500 KZ da 700 KZ, kuma sun ƙunshi waƙoƙi, falsafa, da jagora kan ayyukan al'ada.

An yi imani cewa a farkon zamanin Vedic, saboda tsarkin da ke da alaƙa da OM, kalmar an kiyaye ta a matsayin sirri kuma ba a taɓa yin magana a fili ba (Oldenberg, 1988). Koyaya, kalmar OM ta bayyana a fili a farkon Shukla (farar) Yajurveda. Akwai imani cewa ana iya ƙara kalma daga baya domin an ambaci OM a kaikaice a matsayin ingancin Allah (deva lakshna) a cikin (5.2.8) ayar Tattiriya Samhita ta farin Yajurveda; wanda ke da hanyoyin magana guda uku (tri-alikhita), furuci da galibi ana danganta shi da OM.

Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi da yawa dangane da asalin harafin OM. Misali, Max Muller ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa ma’anar OM ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar “Avam”, wadda aka yi amfani da ita a zamanin da kafin tarihi a ma’anar “cewa” don nufin abubuwa masu nisa. A gefe guda, a cewar Swami Sankarananda, ana iya samun kalmar daga "Soma", sunan wani muhimmin allahntaka wanda aka ambata a cikin Vedas akai-akai kuma wanda yawancin al'adun esoteric ke da alaƙa (Greety, 2015).

A cikin al'adar Hindu, OM har yanzu yana da alaƙa da sadaukarwar Vedic, don haka, shine tushen duk waƙoƙin Hindu da kiɗa. Kafin kowane aikin al'ada, shigar da sauti mai tsarki a cikin hanyar mantra ya zama dole.

A ƙasa akwai hanyoyin haɗin bidiyo na YouTube guda biyu na waƙoƙin Vedic:

1. Karatun Vedic na recensions daban-daban na Vedas ta Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts, New Delhi: akwai a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UvdbJyH9pA

2. Vedic Chants na Veda-Shakha Swadhyaya na malaman Vedic na Varanasi ta fina-finan duniya da ake samu a: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyZoXG_Wi5U

OM Mantra a cikin Rubutun Upanishadic

Upanishads shine ɓangaren ƙarshe na Vedas huɗu. An rubuta Upanishads a Indiya tsakanin c. 800 BC da c. 500 BC, wanda ya sa su kusan shekaru 3000. Upanishads sun ƙunshi bayanai game da ka'idodin falsafa da ra'ayoyin Hindu, ciki har da Karma (aiki na gaskiya), Brahman (gaskiyar gaskiya), Atman (kai ko rai na gaskiya), Moksha ('yantarwa daga sake zagayowar reincarnation) da kuma koyarwar Vedic da ke bayyana Kai. ganewa ta hanyar yoga da ayyukan tunani (Eshwaran, 2007).

Upanishads ya fitar da matakin farko na cewa OM mantra ko sauti yana nufin Brahman, Maɗaukaki Mafi Girma, da kuma Atman ko Babban Kai a cikin dukkan halittu. Tun da yake sararin samaniya kuma yana daidaitawa da Brahman madawwami, OM tana wakiltar dukkan halitta. Duk Upanishads suna da tsakiyar Mantra 'OM Tat Sat' (OM shine Wannan, Gaskiyar), yana nuna cewa OM shine mafi girman gaskiyar metaphysical, ba a haɗa shi da al'ada ta waje ba. Ana ɗaukar OM a matsayin kayan aikin tunani mai zurfi don fahimtar kai - an gane ta hanyar "hadaya ta ciki" ko al'ada ta tunani (Madhavananda, 1950; Krishnananda, 1984; Ollivelle, 1996).

Swami Chinmayananda da Gambhiranda a cikin fassarar su na Upanishads da yawa suna nuna mahimmancin mantra na OM, misali:

Mandukya Upanishad (1.1.1.) ya furta cewa OM, duniya, ita ce duk wannan. Bayyanar bayaninsa shine (mai zuwa) - duk abin da ya gabata, na yanzu da na gaba, hakika, shine OM. Abin da ya wuce lokaci uku kuma, hakika, OM (Chinmayananda, 2017).

Prasna Upanishad (5.2) ya bayyana cewa Ya Satyakama, wannan Brahman, wanda aka sani da Para [siffar kasa] Brahman da Apara [wanda ke hade da sunaye da siffofin] Brahman shine amma wannan OM. Saboda haka, mai haskake ya sami ko wanne daga cikin biyun ta wannan ma'anar ita kaɗai (Gambhirananda, 2010).

Chandogya Upanishad (1.1.1-2) ya ce, ya kamata mutum ya yi tunani a kan harafin OM, Udgitha, don wanda ya rera Udgitha ya fara da OM (Gambhirananda, 2009).

Katha Upanishad (2.15-17) ya bayyana cewa burin da duk Vedas ke shelanta, wanda dukkan tubabbun suka bayyana, da kuma sha'awar da suke jagorantar rayuwar Brahmacharya, na gaya muku a takaice cewa OM ne. Wannan ma'anar ita ce Brahman, wannan ma'anar kuma ita ce mafi girma. Da ya san wannan sila, duk abin da mutum yake so, ya sami wannan. Wannan goyon baya shine mafi kyau, wannan goyon baya shine cikakke. Sanin wannan tallafin, ana bauta wa mutum a cikin duniyar Brahma (Gambhiranda, 2010).

Mundaka Upanishad (2.2.6) ya bayyana cewa haihuwa ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban wannan kai yana wanzuwa a cikin tunani inda dukkanin jijiyoyi suka taru kamar yadda aka taru a kan cibiyar motar karusa. Yi tunani a kan wannan kai ta wannan hanya tare da taimakon OM. Allah ya sa a yi maku kyakkyawan ƙarshe don tafiya ɗaya ɓangaren jahilci (Gambhirananda, 2010).

Taittiriya Upanishad (1.8.1) ya ce mutum ya yi tunani: OM Brahman ne; duk wannan sararin duniya, da aka sani da kuma hasashe, shine OM. Brahmana yana ci gaba da karanta Veda yana nufin "Bari in sami Brahman" ya ce "OM." Tabbas ya kai Brahman (Chinmayananda, 1974).

Duk Upanishads suna ba da shawarar cewa OM Mantra ya buɗe hanya zuwa hikimar cewa Atman (Ruwa) wani ɓangare ne na babban nau'in Brahman (Rayukan Duniya ko Allah).

OM Mantra a cikin Tantric Traditions

Tantra ya bunƙasa a matsayin mafi ƙayyadadden bayanin tiyoloji da metaphysical na zamanin Medieval a Indiya. Frawley (1994) ya ambata cewa tsohuwar rishis sun yi imani "cewa idan ba tare da mantra ba babu tantra". Ana amfani da OM azaman mula-mantra, tushen da farkon yawancin mantras.

Rubutun yogic na Indiya sun bayyana cewa OM ita ce alama mai mahimmanci na haɗin Ubangiji Shiva tare da baiwar Allah Shakti a cikin al'adar Tantra. Haɗin kai na gaba da gaba dangane da abubuwan maza da mata sun mamaye nau'ikan Tantra da Yoga esoteric. Ubangiji Shiva yana wakiltar ƙa'idar namiji mai mahimmanci, da Goddess Devi, ko Shakti, ƙa'idar mace (Wallis da Ellik, 2013).

Haɗuwar al'adarsu tana nunawa a cikin syllable OM, inda kasancewar Nada-Shakti (Devi) tare da Bindu (Shiva) ke wakiltar rabin wata da digo sama da OM (ॐ), bi da bi. Tantric practitioners tsunduma a cikin al'ada ayyuka shafe Mantras nufin kawo game da hadin kai a cikin cosmos da kuma cikin jiki, wanda aka nuna a Kundalini Yoga, inda Yogi neman tada mace Kundalini maciji a gindi na kashin baya, daga gare ta ta hanyar Chakras ko cibiyoyin makamashi a cikin jiki, kuma a ƙarshe haɗa shi da Shiva namiji a kambi a saman kai (Padoux, 1990).

Matakan farko na Yoga suna bayyana tsarin haɓaka ɗabi'a, gami da ka'idodin rashin tashin hankali, rashin aure, da gaskiya, amma masu koyar da Yoga kuma suna koyar da matsayi da ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ake nufi don kawo mutum zuwa jihar Moksha ko 'yanci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsari, mai hikima Patanjali ya tsara aikin rera OM a cikin Yoga-Sutra a matsayin hanya mai amfani don mai da hankali ga Ishvara, Ubangijin halittu.

OM Mantra a cikin Sangita da Musical Music

Ana san waƙar Indiyawa a Sanskrit da Sangita kuma an haɗa ta da Hindu ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun farkon tarihin rikodi. Saboda haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa harafin OM yana da alaƙa mai ɗorewa tare da aikin kiɗa. Dukansu kaɗe-kaɗe da kiɗan kayan aiki sun taka muhimmiyar rawa na tunani da aiki na addini. Sautin kiɗa a Indiya yana da alaƙa da tsohuwar tauhidi da ra'ayoyin falsafa kamar Chants da Mantras (Raghavan, 1978).

Litattafan kiɗa na Sanskrit suna shelar cewa duk kiɗan sun samo asali ne daga OM kuma suna narkar da su cikin OM. OM shine kalmar sonic na Nada-Brahman (Allah a matsayin Sauti na Allahntaka), "Sauti cikakke" wanda kuma shine tushen kiɗa. Saboda haka, duk waƙoƙin ibada ko na gargajiya a cikin gidaje da temples suna farawa da furcin bayanin rubutu ko tonic a cikin nau'in OM. Ana yin rera waƙar OM azaman tsayayyen sauti mai kama da drone akan bayanin tonic wanda ya dace da kewayon muryar mawaƙi. A cikin raye-rayen kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, bayan OM na farko, mawaƙa suna faɗaɗa sautin don haɗa dukkan gamut na bayanin kula da suka dace da takamaiman Raga ko tsarin waƙa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waƙar ko abun da aka tsara (Beck 2009).

Hindu ta rungumi sautin allahntaka OM a matsayin nau'i na "Cikakken" da aka sani da "Brahman" ta hanyar ra'ayin Nada-Brahman, wanda ya ƙunshi Nada-Shakti (ƙarfin sauti) da Brahman (Cikakken Allahntaka).

Tsohon Kiɗa da Allahntaka

Sautin kiɗa a Indiya yana da alaƙa da tsohuwar tauhidi da ra'ayoyin falsafa na waƙa da Mantra. Bharata Muni tsohon masanin wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma masanin kiɗan Indiya wanda ya rubuta Natya Shastra, ƙa'idar ka'idar game da tsohuwar wasan kwaikwayo da tarihin Indiya, musamman wasan kwaikwayo na Sanskrit.

Ley (2000) ya nuna cewa ana ɗaukar Bharata a matsayin uban fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya. Nāṭya Śāstra (Sanskrit: नाट्य शास्त्र, Nāṭyaśāstra) rubutun Sanskrit ne akan zane-zane. An dangana rubutun ga sage Bharata Muni, kuma cikakken tarihinsa na farko ya kasance tsakanin 200 KZ da 200 CE, amma kiyasi ya bambanta tsakanin 500 KZ da 500 CE.

Waƙoƙin gargajiya na Indiya babban jigo ne don haka, ba zai yiwu a taƙaita hakan a cikin wannan takarda ba. Duk da haka, an san kidan na gargajiya da Gandharva Sangīta ('Kidan sama') a zamanin da. Al'adar Hindu ta rungumi sautin allahntaka a matsayin nau'i na Cikakken da aka sani da Brahman ta hanyar tunanin Nāda-Brahman (sauti kamar Allah), wanda ya ƙunshi NādaŚakti (ƙarfin sauti) da Brahman (cikakken allahntaka). Masu wasan kwaikwayo na sama na Gandharva (tsohuwar kiɗa) an san su da Gandharvas, rukuni na mawaƙa maza da alloli wanda Nārada, ɗan tatsuniya na Brahma wanda ke zaune a sama amma yana da ikon yin tafiya cikin sararin samaniya (Das; 2015; Beck, 2009).

Gandharvas ruhohi ne na dabi'a na maza waɗanda aka yi imanin suna da ƙwarewar kiɗan. Sun kasance tare da matansu, masu rawa Apsaras, tare da Kinnaras a cikin kayan kida. A cikin hotunan Hindu, ana yawan nuna Gandharvas a matsayin mawaƙa a kotun alloli. Har zuwa ƙarni na goma sha uku kiɗa ana kiransa kawai Sangita ko Gita kuma ana danganta shi da alloli da alloli na Hindu. Sangita (waƙar da aka kirkira) tana da sassa uku: kiɗan murya, kiɗan kayan aiki, da rawa (Prajnananda, 1963).

Gandharva Sangīta ko kuma kawai 'Gandharva,' shine takwaransa na kotu ko sarki ga tsohuwar Vedic Sāma-Gāna wanda ya zo cikakke a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Sanskrit na gargajiya, kamar yadda aka fada a cikin Nāṭya-Śāstra da Dattilam. A wani mataki na gaba, an raba rawa daga kiɗa (Beck, 2009). Hakazalika, a cikin tatsuniyar Helenanci, Musas sune alloli waɗanda suka ba da himma ga ayyukan fasaha. An yi imani da cewa Musa ba kawai ya ji daɗin alloli ba amma kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ɗan adam (Aris, 2014).

An yi imani da cewa mutanen da ke yin Bhakti Yoga (Chanting Mantra da yabon Allah) a zamanin da sun sami damar haɗi da allahntaka, amma yadda suka yi daidai ya kasance tambaya.

Kiɗa da Canjawa

An yi imani da cewa kiɗa yana da halaye masu wuce gona da iri (Lefevre, 2004) kuma mai yiwuwa saboda wannan dalili ana amfani da kiɗa yayin ibadar addini, a cikin al'adu. An yi imanin waɗanda suka ƙirƙira waƙa suna da baiwar Allah, kuma waƙarsu kyauta ce ga waɗanda suke sauraron kiɗan su. Kiɗa yana haskaka nau'ikan bayanai da yawa game da masu ƙirƙira ko masu yin kamar game da yanayinsu, nazarin halittu, raye-rayen ciki ko gabobin jiki, har ma da yadda suke gina jiki (Perrett, 2004)

A cikin 1960's, Maslow yayi la'akari da yanayin da aka canza na hankali don zama fasalin kwarewa mafi girma ta amfani da kalmar 'sanin hankali' (Maslow, 1964, p.68). Harrison and Loui (2014) sun ba da haske cewa kwanan nan masu bincike da yawa sun fassara abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa (IMEs) a matsayin canjin yanayi na sani (misali Becker, 2004; Gabrielsson, 2011). Koyaya, saboda nau'ikan ilimin kimiyya daban-daban, haɗin kai tsakanin IMEs da sauye-sauyen yanayi na sani ba a bayyane yake nan da nan ba, duk da cewa mutane a sassa daban-daban na duniya suna fuskantar waɗannan abubuwan kololuwa.

Gabrielsson (2011) yana ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida-fadi-fadi don fahimtar juzu'i ko lokacin ilimin halin ɗan adam na ƙwarewar kiɗa ta hanyar ayyana waɗannan lokutan a matsayin "Kwarewar Ƙarfafawa tare da Kiɗa (SEM)", waɗanda suka dogara da hankali akan Maslow's Peak Experience" (Maslow, 1962). Binciken Gabrielsson ya nuna cewa lokacin da mutum ya fuskanci abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halin dan Adam, zai ko ita hawaye (24% na mahalarta), sanyi / rawar jiki (10%), da piloerection, ko guzefish (5%). Irin waɗannan abubuwan ana bayar da rahoton ta hanyar mutanen da ke yin Bhakti Yoga, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Bhagavat Gita.

Shahararrun sharuɗɗan sharuɗɗa a cikin jawabai na ilimi da mashahuri waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar kiɗa sun haɗa da: sanyi, jin daɗi, inzali na fata da frisson waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su tare (Grewe et al., 2007; Huron da Margulis, 2011; Harrison da Loui, 2014 ). Yayin da sharuɗɗan sanyi da ban sha'awa ke nufin gano mahimman sassa masu sauƙi da za a iya gwadawa na lokutan wuce gona da iri a hannunsu, duka biyun suna fama da rashin aiki da haɗin kai na hukumomi.

Ba a amfani da kalmar "inzali na fata" da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi saboda rikitarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da al'adar jima'i. Inzali na fata yana nufin jin daɗi a sassa daban-daban na jikinmu wanda ya dogara da yanayinmu ko shigar da shi, kuma yana da irin wannan yanayin hankali, kimantawa, da ingantattun abubuwan ilimin halitta da na tunani zuwa jima'i (Mah da Binik, 2001). Duk da ingantacciyar bayanin sa na bakan abubuwan al'ajabi na motsin rai (Panksepp, 1995), kalmar ba ta cancanta ba kuma da wuya a yi amfani da ita.

"Frisson", a gefe guda, an kwatanta shi a matsayin "jin dadi mai dadi," daga gashin jiki, da guzki (Huron da Margulis, 2011, shafi 591). "Frisson" na iya zama mafi inganci kuma za'a iya amfani da shi saboda yana haɗa ƙarfin motsin rai tare da ingantattun abubuwan jin daɗi waɗanda ba a cikin kowane yanki na jiki ba. Blood and Zatorre (2001) ya kara bayyana cewa ana amfani da hanyoyin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya lokacin da ɗan adam ke jin daɗin abinci, jima'i ko wuce gona da iri, lokutan ilimin halin ɗan adam na ƙwarewar kiɗan.

Dukanmu mun dandana waɗannan lokutan ko dai ta hanyar furta mantras, yin Bhakti Yoga, yayin rera waƙoƙi har ma da sauraron waƙoƙin farin ciki na mawakan da muka fi so. Ko, mutum ya fuskanci wannan kololuwar tambaya ce ga daidaikun mutane.

Kida da Kwakwalwar Dan Adam

Neuromusicology yana ba da taga a cikin binciken kwakwalwa da filastik. Neuromusicology yana nufin daidaitawa tsakanin tsarin juyayi na mutum da kuma hanyoyin da muke hulɗa da kiɗa (Roehmann, 1991). Sautin kiɗa ko kowane sauti yana shiga cikin jikinmu ta hanya mai alama sannan kwakwalwa ta ba mu damar samarwa, fahimta, da jin daɗin kiɗa, kuma aikin fuskantar kiɗa yana da amfani ga haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa (Lewis, 2002; Patel, 2008).

Ƙwaƙwalwar gaba na kwakwalwarmu tana gina harshe da kiɗa da sauran sassan kwakwalwarmu suna tafiyar da bangarorin harshe masu dangantaka da sarrafa kiɗan (Patel, 1998). Nazarin da yawa (Wang da Agius, 2018; Hickok, 2003; Overy, 2004; Mula, 2009) sun nuna cewa harshe da kiɗa suna sauƙin bambanta a cikin kwakwalwa.

Wang da Agius (2018) sun ba da haske ga bangarori daban-daban da ke cikin ilimin kimiyyar kiɗa na kiɗa, tare da sabuntawa daga takardun kwanan nan.

Shafin 2: Daban-daban na Kwakwalwa da ke da hannu a cikin neuroscience na kiɗa
[An karɓa daga Wang and Agius (2018)]

Music da motsin zuciyarmu mahada sanannu ne. Daban-daban nau'ikan kiɗan irin su kiɗan baƙin ciki, motsin rai ko na soyayya suna tayar da motsin rai daban-daban (Cooke, 1959). Meyer (1956) yayi nazari akan kiɗan, musamman daga hangen nesa, kuma ya nuna cewa kiɗan yana tayar da ji da kuma alaƙar amsawar ilimin lissafi wanda yanzu za'a iya aunawa.

Kiɗa na iya kunna tunaninmu da tada motsin zuciyarmu kuma saboda wannan dalili kila kiɗa ya sanyaya ran ɗan adam (Molnar-Szakacs, 2006). Kida ya kara taimaka wa da yawa daga cikin mu mu murmure daga damuwa, damuwa da kuma mugun yanayi (Mula, 2009). Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda wurare da yawa na kwakwalwarmu suna shiga lokacin da muke raira waƙa, kunna kayan kiɗa ko sauraron kiɗa. Saboda haka, ko da yake kiɗa na iya kama da aiki ɗaya amma mai rikitarwa daga mahallin kwakwalwa saboda aƙalla wurare 18 na kwakwalwarmu sun kunna wanda ake kira jerin tsararru (Wang and Agius, 2018; Perrett, 2004; Weinberger, 2004) .

Tebur na 3: Kwakwalwa, Kiɗa, Ƙaunar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Ƙwaƙwalwa
[An karɓa daga Wang and Agius (2018)]

Yawancin karatu (Koelsch, 2010; Levinson, 2000; Juslin, da Västfjäll, 2008) sun tabbatar da cewa aikin kida na yau da kullun yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin aiki na takamaiman yankuna na kwakwalwa (cerebellum, corpus callosum, motor cortex, planum temporale). ). Akwai wasu nazarin (Bever da Chiarello, 1974; Kimura, 1995; Koelsch, 2005) wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yin kida yana haifar da gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa na masu aikin kiɗa.

Kiɗa yana kama da motsa jiki gabaɗaya; yayin da yankin mu na dama yana da alaƙa da abin da ya faru na halitta a cikin kiɗa, wanda ke da alaƙa da waƙa da kututture; a daya bangaren kuma, bangaren hagu yana da alaka da kari da kuma bangaren nazari. Wannan kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar binciken fMRI wanda kuma ya gano cewa mawaƙa masu horarwa suna nuna wasu takamaiman abubuwa (Bever da Chiarello, 1974; Koelsch, 2005). Kiɗa a matsayin magani ba a amfani da shi sosai, duk da gaskiyar bayanan bincike sun nuna a sarari sauye-sauyen biochemical a cikin kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ya haɗa da haɓaka watsa kwayar cutar dopaminergic (Sutoo da Akiyama, 2004).

Sarkamo et al (2008) binciken da aka gudanar a cikin marasa lafiya na bugun jini, ya nuna cewa batutuwan da suka saurari kiɗan da suka fi so a kalla sa'a daya a kowace rana suna nuna ci gaba a hankali da yanayi (Sarkamo et al., 2008). Shirye-shiryen farfadowa na kiɗa suna da irin wannan tasiri mai amfani akan damuwa da damuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da aka kwantar da su a asibiti saboda raunin kwakwalwa wanda ya haifar da rauni (Guétin et al, 2009). A cikin tsofaffi, sauraron kiɗa na iya rage rashin jin daɗi, sauƙaƙe fahimta, da jinkirta raguwar fahimi (Alain et al, 2014).

Tattaunawa da Kammalawa

A bayyane yake cewa tsoffin malaman Indiya sun san fa'idar yin mantras, ko da yake a lokacin Vedic ana rera mantras a kusa da wuta mai tsarki, kuma yayin da wayewar ta taso a Indiya ta ɗauki siffar Bhakti Yoga, wanda ke rera yabon allahntaka kuma a zamanin yau muna da nau'o'in kiɗa daban-daban (na gargajiya, kiɗan jama'a, filmi, indiyawa/ rock rock, da pop) nau'ikan kiɗan.

Binciken ya nuna cewa tsoffin malaman Indiya ba su yi kuskure ba wajen bayyana cewa jikinmu jirgi ne don bayyanar da "sauti", wanda aka sani da Nada Brahman (Allah a matsayin Sauti na Allahntaka), kuma muryarmu tana aiki a matsayin hanyar shiga ga kiɗa.

Tsohuwar Rishis (Malaman Indiyawan tsohuwar) ta Upanishads sun ba da haske cewa harafin Om mai tsarki shine sauti na farko wanda duk wasu sautuna da halitta suke fitowa. Yana ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan ƙirƙira na sauti. Furcin Om, wanda ya ƙunshi haruffa uku A, U, da M, ya ƙunshi dukan tsarin magana. Kamar sautin gong ne wanda a hankali yake takuwa zuwa wani wuri ya hade cikin shiru. Wanda ya kai ga Om, ya haɗu da Maɗaukaki (Kumar et al, 2010).

An tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwar mutum da tsarin jijiya suna da wuyar waya don bambance kiɗa da hayaniya da kuma amsa ƙwalƙwalwa da maimaitawa, sautuna da sautuna. Dukan ’yan Adam an haife su ne da iyawa ta asali ta kida kuma dukkanmu muna da wannan ginanniyar tsarin kewayar halittu wanda ke sa mu a dabi’ance ko dai kamar kida ko kuma samar da kidan; duk da haka, da'irar halittu ta fi tasiri a cikin waɗanda ke yin kida da samar da kiɗa, idan aka kwatanta da sauran.

Binciken ya kuma yi nuni da cewa mawakan da suke yin kade-kade akai-akai suna da babbar kwakwalwa kuma hakan ma ya goyi bayan hujjar cewa mutanen da suka rika rera wakar mantras akai-akai ko kuma wani bangare na sana'arsu na iya samun babbar kwakwalwa. Canji ko Allahntaka duk an samu ta cikin kwakwalwarmu, kuma binciken kimiyya da yawa yanzu sun tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwarmu filastik ce kuma wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da mantras da kiɗa azaman kayan aiki.

A bayyane yake cewa kiɗa yana haɓaka lafiyar ɗan adam da aikin kuma saboda wannan dalili ana haɗa kiɗan tare da abubuwan anxiolytic da analgesic kuma ana amfani dashi a yau a yawancin asibitoci don taimakawa marasa lafiya su huta da ragewa ko rage zafi, rikicewa da damuwa. Mantras da kiɗa na iya haifar da abubuwan tunawa, ko tada motsin rai da haɓaka abubuwan zamantakewar mu. Lokacin da muke rera waƙa ko sauraron kiɗan solo mai kyau, dukkanmu muna jin daɗi mai daɗi, gashin jikinmu da gosefish (frisson).

Da yawa daga cikin mu ba mawaƙi ne da aka horar da su ba ko kuma suna da damar zama ɗaya, amma dukkanmu tabbas muna da tsarin ilimin halitta a cikinmu wanda ke ba mu damar rera waƙar mantras kaɗan - wanda zai iya tura tsarin mu na halitta wanda zai iya canza yanayin kwakwalwarmu kuma ya inganta mu ingancin rayuwa. Duk da haka, wani muhimmin batu da ya kamata mutum ya yi la'akari yayin rera mantra shi ne lafazin wasula (svar) da baƙaƙe (varna).

Masanan Indiyawa na d ¯ a sun yi imanin cewa ingantacciyar lafazin mantras (sauti) tare da imani ko niyyar da aka furta waɗannan mantras, suna kawo tasirin fa'ida da ake so ga masu zuzzurfan tunani, wanda na tabbata kimiyya za ta cim ma, nan gaba.


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(Bayanin edita: Ba a sake duba wannan takarda ba)

***

Marubuci: Dr Dinesh Bist SFHEA (London)
Imel na marubucin: dineshbist@hotmail.com

Ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana akan wannan gidan yanar gizon na marubucin ne kawai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa, idan akwai.

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