Akwai bukatar wayar da kan al’umma a kowane mataki game da mahimmancin ma’aikatan tsafta da irin gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga al’umma. Ya kamata a cire tsarin tsaftacewa da hannu da sauri ta tsarin tsaftacewa na injiniyoyi. Har zuwa lokacin da za a yi amfani da aikin da hannu dole ne a tabbatar da matakan tsaro don inganta rayuwarsu.
The ma'aikatan tsafta samar da ginshiƙin tsarin tsabtace jama'a. Yawancin lokaci aikin tsaftacewa na injiniyoyi ne kuma ba na hannu ba. Koyaya, ma'aikatan tsabtace muhalli a Indiya (wanda ake kira Safai Karamchari), Abin takaici har yanzu ana ci gaba da bin hanyar da hannu don tsaftace wuraren jama'a watakila saboda karancin kudade da albarkatu.
An sami babban ci gaba a harkar tsaftar muhalli a Indiya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; daga tattaunawa zuwa ga sarrafa sharar gida (1). Ƙididdiga na tushen shaida sun nuna cewa akwai kimanin ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli miliyan 5 a Indiya kuma akwai nau'ikan su guda tara a cikin sarkar darajar da ta bambanta da matakin haɗarin haɗari da fahimtar manufofin (2).
Mahimman batutuwan da ma'aikatan tsabtace muhalli ke fuskanta a Indiya
Bayanan Lafiya
Ma'aikatan kula da tsaftar muhalli na fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa duk da cewa an yi taƙaitaccen bincike don samun haske game da ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli.
Waɗannan ma'aikata suna aiki a cikin mahalli inda, bayan shekaru na aiki, ainihin tsammanin ƙarancin ƙa'idodin aminci ya yi ƙasa sosai ko kuma ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Babu wasu ƙa'idodi da aka tsara don yanayin sabis, buƙatun aminci, izinin haɗari, murfin inshora da tanadi kamar takalma, safar hannu, abin rufe fuska da madaidaiciyar murfin kai zuwa ƙafa da aka tsara don manufar.
Yawan mace-macen ma’aikatan da ke tsaftace magudanun ruwa ya ninka sau biyar fiye da sauran mazauna biranen Indiya da ke tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 59. Matsakaicin shekarun ma’aikata a lokacin mutuwar an rubuta shi ne shekaru 58. Cikakken adadin mace-mace yana raguwa a tsakanin Safai Karamcharis tsawon shekaru amma har yanzu yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'i. Matsakaicin adadin mace-mace na shekara-shekara tsakanin Safai Karamcharis shine 9 a cikin 1,000 idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar 6.7 a cikin 1,000 na yawan jama'a (4; 5)
Ma’aikata na mutuwa sakamakon shakar iskar gas mai cutarwa yayin tsaftace ramuka da hannu. Ma'aikatan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa kuma suna fallasa su da methane da hydrogen sulfureted maimakon oxygen, 'wanda ke aiki daidai da cyanide, tare da hanawa na enzyme cytochrome oxidase mai canzawa. An kiyasta cewa kusan ma'aikata 1800 ne suka mutu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Haɗuwa da waɗannan abubuwan hayaki yana haifar da 'rashin ci, ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ruwa a cikin huhu, ciwon ido, da ƙarancin numfashi, ciwon ƙirji, ciwon makogwaro, da asarar sha'awa.
Ma'aikata suna da dangantaka mai cin karo da juna tare da kayan tsaro. Ma'aikata ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da mahimmancin kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, suna jin cewa yana kawo cikas ga aikinsu. Misali, yana da wahala a riƙe felu yayin tsaftace magudanar ruwa kuma safofin hannu waɗanda aka bayar galibi suna kwance kuma suna zamewa. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ɗaukar injuna a matsayin maye gurbinsu maimakon cika aikinsu, kuma suna tsoron cewa sabbin injina za su maye gurbinsu maimakon taimakon aikinsu da kiyaye su (7).
Katangar zamantakewa
Yawancin lokaci ana kyamace su kuma ana kyamace su (mafi yawa suna cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasƙanci na Dalit). Rashin lahani na kabilanci, aji da jinsi sun takura wa rayuwar da wadannan ma'aikata za su iya yi kuma yawancinsu ba su da isasshen ilimi, kiwon lafiya, filaye, kasuwanni, kudade, saboda matsayi na zamantakewa. Sun zaɓi wannan sana'a a matsayin ci gaba na tarihin iyali da al'ada. Da yawa suna shiga don maye gurbin iyayensu. Ayyukan dindindin (waɗanda gwamnati ke ɗauka) ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli ma suna zuwa da alƙawarin maye gurbin yara aiki idan wani abu ya faru da iyaye. Bangaren iyali yana ƙara fitowa fili domin sau da yawa mata da miji suna cikin ayyukan tsafta, kuma wannan yana iyakance zaɓin zaɓi ga 'ya'yansu saboda rashin bayyanawa da rashin son rai (7). Rashin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ma'aikatan tsafta ba wai kawai na kabilanci da albashi ba ne. Akwai tarihin murkushe su da cin zarafi akan su a fagen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu (8).
Akwai tsare-tsare da dokoki daban-daban na Gwamnati da aka tsara tare da aiwatar da su don kare haƙƙin waɗannan ma'aikata kamar su PEMSA (Rigakafin da Kawar da su. Scavenging na hannu Dokar), Dokar hana cin zarafi, kwamitocin kamar National Safai Karmchari Commission (NSKM), da tsare-tsaren da ake samu ta hanyar National Safai Karmchari Development and Finance Corporation (NSKFDC) da SC/ST Development Corporation (SDC) a matakin kasa da Maha Dalit Vikas Missions. a matakin jiha, samun dama ga tsare-tsare na ingantawa babbar matsala ce. Domin galibin ma’aikatan tsaftar muhalli ba su san hakkinsu a karkashin wadannan tsare-tsare ba; ko da sun sani, ba su san hanyoyin da za su amfana da fa'ida ba. Bugu da ƙari, saboda yawancin ma'aikatan tsabtace muhalli matalauta ne na birni kuma suna zaune a ƙauyuka na yau da kullum, ba su da isassun takaddun shaida kamar shaidar zama, takaddun haihuwa da katunan shaida wanda ya sa ba zai yiwu ba su iya neman waɗannan tsare-tsaren (8). Babu lambobi akan waɗanda aka ɗauka don ma'aikatan da ke cikin wannan masana'antar sabanin ma'aikatan da ke aiki a sassa na yau da kullun.
Batutuwan kudi
Babu kwangilar aiki na yau da kullun/kariya da cin zarafi: Yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan ba su da masaniya game da sharuɗɗan aikinsu, ƙayyadaddun tsarin ƙima da jadawalin. Idan suka nemi albashinsu, ana yi musu barazanar korarsu. Ma'aikatan da 'yan kwangilar ke aiki sun ma fi muni kuma suna aiki a cikin faifan bayanai, nesa da duk wata kariyar aikin yi (7). Bincike ya nuna cewa ana ci gaba da cin gajiyar waɗannan ma'aikata musamman ta hanyar kwangila kuma an ba su mafi ƙarancin albashi fiye da ka'idodin da gwamnati ta gindaya kuma an tilasta musu yin aiki na tsawon sa'o'i a cikin yanayi mara kyau (9).
Rashin ciniki na gama-gari: Waɗannan ma’aikata galibi suna rarrabuwar kawuna suna zagaya garuruwa daban-daban cikin ƙanƙanta kuma ba sa iya haɗuwa don yin ƙungiyoyi. Yawancin su wadannan hukumomi ne suka dauki hayar su wadanda sukan rika karba-karba a tsakanin garuruwa kuma ko a inda ma’aikata suke da yawa ba sa samun karfin hada-hadar gama-gari saboda tsoron kada a yi watsi da su kuma daga karshe za su rasa ayyukansu. Bugu da ƙari, su ma ba su da goyon baya na waje don taimakawa fara ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa da aiki (7).
Kudin raunuka da cututtuka na ciki: Ma'aikatan da ke da shekaru masu yawa sun shiga cikin rashin lafiya da al'amurran kiwon lafiya kuma sun yarda da shi a matsayin abin da ya faru na yau da kullum kuma sai dai idan an kara bincike ba su danganta al'amurran kiwon lafiyar su kamar yadda suka tashi daga aikin. Saboda haka, suna ganin raunin da ya shafi aiki da cututtuka a matsayin al'amurran da suka shafi sirri kuma suna ɗaukar farashin magani da samun kudin shiga. Ma'aikatan kwantiragin ba su da hutun rashin lafiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilolinsu kuma ana ci gaba da ladabtar da su saboda rashin lafiyarsu ta hanyar biyan albashi na kwanakin da ba su da lafiya.
Dalilan Matsalolin
Mafi yawan matsalolin kamar. ta jiki, tunani, zamantakewa da kudi da ma'aikatan tsafta ke fuskanta saboda rashin ilimi na asali da wayewar kai tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya shiga cikin tsarin imani na wannan ma'aikata. Ba su da fayyace ko kuma an yi musu mummunar fahimta game da ayyukansu da ayyukansu. Wannan saboda babu wani ma'anar da aka keɓe a sarari kuma yana kunkuntar kuma ya keɓance nau'ikan aiki iri-iri. Wannan rukuni ne na mutane daban-daban dangane da adadin mutanen da aka yi aiki, jinsi, da wurin. Ya fada cikin ɓangarori marasa tsari kuma yana da mahimmanci a rarraba su, don ba da damar dacewa da daidaita manufofi da ƙira. Yawancin batutuwan da ma'aikata ke fuskanta sun zama matsalar ɗabi'a na cikin gida. Babu lambobi akan waɗanda aka ɗauka don ma'aikatan da ke cikin wannan masana'antar (10).
An yi ƙoƙarin samar da mafita ga waɗannan batutuwa amma an sami sakamako daban-daban. Waɗannan mafita sun fito ne daga fafutuka da shawarwari daga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai daban-daban, zuwa ƙa'idojin gwamnati. Sun samu takaitaccen nasara, kamar yadda rahotannin labaran yau da kullun ke nuni da mutuwar ma’aikata. Akwai buƙatar samar da mafita da gina ƙwaƙƙwaran ma'aikata wanda shine haɗakar sabbin abubuwa da masu amfani da su yin haɗin kai na zahiri da cikakkiyar fahimta da fahimtar waɗannan ma'aikata.
Ana iya magance waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar ilimantar da waɗannan ma'aikata game da haƙƙinsu da haƙƙinsu na shirin.
Haka kuma akwai bukatar wayar da kan al’umma a kowane mataki game da muhimmancin ma’aikatan tsaftar muhalli da irin gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga al’umma. Ya kamata a cire tsarin tsaftacewa da hannu da sauri ta tsarin tsaftacewa na injiniyoyi. Har zuwa lokacin da za a yi amfani da aikin da hannu dole ne a tabbatar da matakan tsaro don inganta rayuwarsu. Ana iya hana wannan ta hanyar gudanar da shirye-shiryen da nufin haɓaka ƙarfin aiki da haɓaka ma'ajiyar waɗannan ma'aikata wanda zai iya ƙara ba da damar haɓaka takamaiman manufofi da shirye-shirye don kare wannan ma'aikata.
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References
1. Raman VR da Muralidharan A., 2019. Rufe madauki a yakin tsaftar muhalli na Indiya don samun lafiyar jama'a. Lancet VOLUME 393, FITOWA TA 10177, P1184-1186, MARIS 23, 2019. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30547-1
2. Aikin, Ma'aikatan Tsaftar muhalli. Aikin Ma'aikatan Tsafta . [Kan layi] http://sanitationworkers.org/profiles/
3. Corporation, National Safai Karmacharis Finance & Development. [Kan layi] http://sanitationworkers.org/profiles/
4. Janar, magatakarda. 2016.
5. Salve PS, Bansod DW, Kadlak H 2017. Safai Karamcharis a cikin Mummunan Zagayowar: Nazari a Ra'ayin Caste. . 2017, Vol. 13. Akwai online a https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/13/perspectives/safai-karamcharis-avicious-cycle.html
6. Yin Nazari Adadin Mutuwar Hannu akan Mummunan yanayi da Hanyoyi don Tabbatar da Tsaro. S Kamaleshkumar, K & Murali, Lokesh & Prabhakaran, V & Anandhakumar. 2016.
7. Waya, The. Fahimtar Ma'aikatan Tsaftar Tsaftar Indiya don Magance Matsalolinsu da Kyau. [Kan layi] https://thewire.in/labour/understanding-indias-sanitation-workers-to-better-solve-their-problems
8. Shikha, Shashi. Indian Express. [Online] 2018. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/swacch-bharat-mission-needs-to-clean-up-the-lives-of-sanitation-workers-5466596/
9. Karamcharis, National Commission for Safai. [Online] 2009 https://ncsk.nic.in/sites/default/files/Binder2.pdf
10. Me ya sa ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli na Indiya ba su da fifikon kowa. [Online] Hindustan Times, Yuni 2019. https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/why-india-s-sanitation-workers-are-nobody-s-priority/story-Ui18pROrNh8g0PDnYhzeEN.html
11. Tiwari, RR 2008. Haɗarin kiwon lafiya na sana'a a cikin najasa da ma'aikatan tsafta. sl : Indiya J Occup Environ Med., 2008. Akwai akan layi a http://www.ijoem.com/article.asp?issn=0973-2284;year=2008;volume=12;issue=3;spage=112;epage=115;aulast=Tiwari
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Marubuci: Ramesh Pandey (Masanin Kiwon Lafiya)
Ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana akan wannan gidan yanar gizon na marubucin ne kawai da sauran masu ba da gudummawa, idan akwai.
